Surface-to-Surface (Naval) Missiles
SS-N-1 'Scrubber'
The development of the P-1 missile began in the mid-1950s, and a prototype launcher was installed aboard the Sverdlov-class cruiser Admiral Nakhimov in the late 1950s. one launcher with a magazine of 4-6 missiles was installed on the quarterdeck of the four Kildin-class rocket ships completed in 1959-1960. Whereas the Kildins were based on Kotlin-class destroyers, their successor, the Krupny-class, was based on the Kruplin-class. Eight Krupny-class ships were completed in 1960-1961. They were fitted with two launchers, one forward and aft, each having a magazine of 8-10 missiles.
The P-1 missile was a derivation of the German Fi 103 flying bomb. Its range was restricted by the acquisition range of the ship's surveillance radars against surface targets, a maximum of about 40 kilometers. Before launch, the missile had to be run out on to the missile launcher from its armoured hangar and warmed up. The performance of the missile was unreliable and reloading the launcher was difficult, or in heavy seas even impossible. The P-1A needed guidance until impact, whereas the P-1B had its own active radar terminal seeker. At one time it was envisionaged to use a Ka-10M helicopter to increase the range of the missile. The helicopter transmitted a television picture of the target to a missile controller aboard the launch ship. However, the system was not deployed operationally.
SS-N-2A/B/C/D/E 'Styx'
The development of the P-15 missile began in 1954, with the first launch in October 1957 from a Komar FAC prototype. The P-15 was the initial version with active radar homing onl y and a flight altitude of 100-200 meters. The improved P-15U had folding wings that allowed the size of the launch container to be reduced, and the similar P-15T had a Snegir IR seeker with a range of 10 kilometers in daytime and 5 kilometers at night. The P-15M has increased range, the P-15TM being an IR version with improved Snegir-M seeker. The gyro-stabilization guidance system was replaced with an inertial unit, and the flight altitude can be set as 25, 50 or 250 meters before launch. The P-27 is a version with the electronics outfit of the P-270 (SS-N-22) missile. The P-15 missile was copied by the Chinese in the late 1950s as the HY-1 (CSSC-2).
SS-N-3A/C 'Shaddock' / SS-N-3B 'Sepal'
The development of the SS-N-3 began in August 1956 with the first test flights in late 1959. The submarine-launched versions of the SS-N-3 family (A and C) must be launched from the surface, and with the anti-ship version (A) the launching submarine is required to stay on the surface after launch for missile guidance. This is done by tracking the missile with the submarine's radar and sending guidance commands to the missile based on the radar image the missile transmits via a video data link (VDL). The Front Door/Front Piece radar antenna that tracks the missile in flight and relays mid-course guidance instructions is located in the forward end of the submarine sail. The whole forward portion of the sail structure is rotated 180 degrees to expose the antenna for use.
The missile cruises at a high altitude. P-6 was the original anti-ship version and P-7 a land-attack variant of the P-6. Due to the inaccuracy of their autopilots, improved versions with mid-course guidance from the launching platform were developed as the P-6D and P-7D. However, the P-7 was cancelled in August 1965. The P-35 was a further improved design that featured the ability to use radar images from Tu-16D or Tu-95RTs aircraft or a Ka-25Ts helicopter for guidance. Also its cruise altitude could be set as 0.4, 4.0 or 7.0 kilometers. Some submarines were fitted with the Punch Bowl SATCOM system for receiving targeting information directly from satellites.
On all launch platforms except the Whiskey Long-Bin SSGs the missiles are housed in launch tubes that are in horizontal position when stowed and are raised for launch. The P-5 missile was trialed on a Whiskey Single-Cylinder SSG (S-146) with a single launch tube behind the sail. A development of the Romeo-class SS was intended as a launch platform for this missile with four launch tubes faired into the sail structure (Project 633B). This program was cancelled in 1957, but the parts already manufactured were used to convert Whiskey-class SSs into SSGs as the Whiskey Long-Bin design. This conversion took longer than expected, however, so two launch tubes were fitted behind the sail of several Whiskey-class SSs as the Whiskey Twin-Cylinder design as an interim measure. Four SS-N-3As were carried by the Juliett-class SSGs, six improved P-5Ds by the Echo I-class SSGNs, and eight SS-N-3As by the Echo II-class SSGNs.
SS-N-4 (Sark)
The R-13 was the Soviet Navy's first purpose-designed SLBM (the first Soviet SLBM was a modified SS-1B Scud-A). Development of the missile began in 1954. The vertical launch tubes of the missiles penetrated the main pressure hull and the sail structure of the launching submarine. The launching of the missile had to be done on the surface. After the missile tube hatch opened a lift raised the missile that was held by a collar to the launch position above the sail. Some Zulu V-class SSBs were probably refitted with the R-13 replacing the naval Scud version. Two missiles were carried by the Zulu V-class SSBs, and three by the Golf I-class SSBs and Hotel I-class SSBNs.
SS-N-5 (Serb)
Compared to the R-13 (SS-N-4), the R-21 featured a longer range and underwater launch. Launch depth was about 20-30 meters from sail to surface. Compressed air propelled the missile to a height of about 30 meters above water where the rocket motor ignited. The range of the missile was originally about 1,300 kilometers and was later increased to the distance indicated above. The R-21 replaced the R-13 in 13 Golf-class and all the eight Hotel-class submarines.
SS-N-6 (Sawfly) Mod 1/Mod 2/Mod 3
The R-27 was trialed aboard a modified Golf-class submarine (the Golf IV) that carried six missiles. The Yankee I-class SSBNs carried 16 missiles in two rows of eight immediately abaft the sail within the pressure hull.
SS-N-7 'Starbright'
The P-20L was the Soviet Navy's first anti-ship missile that could be launched from a submerged submarine. It was a simple conversion of the P-15U (SS-N-2B) for underwater launch. Eight missiles were housed in the bow of the Charlie I-class SSGNs, four on each side between the double hull at a fixed angle. The P-70, for which the above data is given, was a more advanced purpose-designed missile, ten of which were fitted to the single Papa-class SSGN and eight to the Charlie II-class SSGNs. The development of the P-70 began in April 1959 with the first tests on a modified Whiskey-class submarine in June 1961. The P-70 can be launched from a depth of 30 meters, and it cruises at an altitude of 50-60 meters, being guided by the Thor system. A typical load for the Charlie-class consisted of two missiles with a nuclear warhead and six missiles with a conventional warhead.
SS-N-8 Mod 1/Mod 2
One Golf-class (the Golf III) and one Hotel-class (the Hotel III) submarine was modified to serve as trials ship for the R-29. 12 missiles were carried by the Delta I-class and 16 by the Delta II-class SSBNs.
SS-N-9 'Siren'
After launch, the P-50 climbs to an altitude of about 100 meters for target detection with its radar. When it is about ten kilometers away from its target, the missile begins a slow terminal dive. Eight missiles were fitted to the modified Charlie I-class SSGNs in similar fashion to the P-20L, and six to the Nanuchka-class small rocket ships in two triple angled launchers. The P-120 is an improved version, the development of which began in February 1963.
SS-N-10
When first observed the RPK-3 missile was thought by NATO to be a new horizon-range anti-ship missile and it was designated SS-N-10. When the truth of the matter was revealed the missile was redesignated SS-N-14 "Silex".
SS-N-11
When first observed the P-15M missile was thought by NATO to be an entirely new design and it was assigned the designation SS-N-11. When the truth of the matter was revealed the missile was redesignated SS-N-2C "Styx".
SS-N-12 'Sandbox'
The P-500 is a second generation Soviet anti-ship missile. It is based on the cancelled P-35 supersonic land-attack cruise missile with development starting in February 1963. Initial flight tests were conducted in 1969-1970 at the Nenoksa test range. Targeting data can be received directly from ocean surveillance satellites of the Legend system with the help of Kasatka-B (Punch Bowl) SATCOM antennae. Mid-course guidance for the missile is provided by an H/I-band Argon (Front Door) series radar or a Ka-25Ts Hormone-B helicopter. Up to eight missiles can be guided simultaneously by a digital computer, and the flight altitude can be varied between 30 and 7,000 meters. The P-500 missile has an onb oard ECM system and titanium alloys are used in its construction. The missiles are usually stored in paired launch tubes that are elevated about 30 degrees for firing. The launch tubes aboard Slava-class cruisers are fixed at this angle, however. The missile has been fitted to the nine modified Echo II-class SSGNs and one modified Juliett-class SSG. P-350 was the prototype designation.
SS-NX-13
The development of the D-6 began in about 1964. The missile was intended as an anti-carrier weapon to be launched from a modified Yankee-class submarine. Targeting was to be done with the help of satellites, and the warhead had a terminal maneuvering capability of approximately 50 kilometers. Later also an anti-SSBN version of the weapon may have been concieved. Although flight tests were conducted until November 1973, the missile was not deployed.
SS-N-14 'Silex'
First installed aboard Kresta II ASW cruisers, the SS-N-14 missiles are usually carried in a group of four launch tubes. Due to the short ranges of Soviet shipborne sonars, the missile can be used to its full potential onl y by sharing contact reports between ships, aircraft and helicopters. The SS-N-14 also has an anti-ship mode where the torpedo remains attached to the missile until impact, guided by an IR terminal seeker. The 85RU is an improved version and the 85RUS carries a nuclear depth charge instead of a torpedo.
SS-N-15 'Starfish'
The development of submarine-launched ASW missiles and rockets was ordered in 1960 following the introduction of similar weapons in the West. At first a 650 mm weapon carrying a 400 homing torpedo was designed by OKB-9. Problems with the program led to it being handed over to OKB-8 in 1964, however. The same year trials of the D-93 missile started from a modified Whiskey-class submarine (Pr.613RV) with a fairwater over the bow housing two 650 mm torpedo tubes. The tests were not finished, as OKB-8 decided to switch work to a 533 mm missile carrying a 90R nuclear depth charge. Tests of the D-95 missile that evolved into the eventual RPK-2 began in 1965 from the same Pr.613RV submarine. Maximum launch depth of the RPK-2 was 60 meters.
SS-N-16A/B 'Stallion'
The development of the 533 mm RPK-6 and 650 mm RPK-7 missiles began in 1969. Both versions can carry either a homing torpedo (83R and 86R) or a nuclear depth charge (84R and 88R). They were tested from two modified Romeo-class submarines (Pr.633RV), each with two 650 mm torpedo tubes in a fairwater over the bow. The missile is fired from a standard torpedo tube, and upon arrival to the target area a parachute lowers the torpedo to the water. A protective nosecap then separates, and onc e the torpedo reaches a pre-programmed depth it begins its search pattern. The shipborne version of the RPK-6 can be launched from 533 mm torpedo tubes on some modern Russian warships. Maximum launch depth of the missiles is 200 meters. Range of the RPK-6 varies with launch depth, being 35 kilometers from 150 meters and 50 kilometers from 50 meters.
SS-N-17 'Snipe'
Flight tests of the RSM-45 began in 1975. It was the first Soviet solid-propellant SLBM and the first to employ a post-boost vehicle. It was onl y deployed to a single Yankee II-class SSBN that carried 12 missiles.
SS-N-18 'Stingray' Mod 1/Mod 2/Mod 3
Flight tests of the RSM-50, which was the first MIRVed Soviet SLBM, started in 1975. 16 missiles are carried by the Delta III-class SSBNs.
SS-N-19 'Shipwreck'
The P-700 is a third generation Soviet anti-ship missile. Development work began in 1969 and the first tests were conducted in November 1975. The missile is targeted with the help of RORSAT or EORSAT information transmitted from a satellite directly to the launching platform with a Kasatka-U (Punch Bowl) receiver. Up to 24 missiles can be grouped together so that after launch, one missile climbs to an altitude of about 20 kilometers for target detection and tracking, whereas the remaining missiles cruise at low altitude. The high-flying missile transmits its radar picture to the other missiles, and if shot down, one of the low-flyers takes up its place. The missiles automatically determine which targets to attack and how to manouver. Maximum speed at sea level is Mach 1.5 with the turbojet engine developed by KB Ufa Engine-building plant. The missile has an onb oard ECM system. 20 missiles are carried on Kirov-class cruisers and 12 on the Admiral Kuznetsov aircraft carrier in launch tubes countersunk within the hull. 24 missiles are carried in the Oscar-class SSGNs between the pressure and outer hulls, 12 missiles per side. The missile launchers on all platforms have a fixed angle of 47 degrees. Submarines can launch the missiles underwater.
SS-N-20 'Sturgeon'
The RSM-52 was trialed aboard a modified Golf-class SSB (the Golf V). After a very difficult development perioid, it was deployed aboard the six Typhoon-class SSBNs, each carrying 20 missiles in launch tubes forward of the sail.
SS-N-21 'Sampson'
In development since December 1976, the S-10 belongs to the same family as the Kh-55 (AS-15) and RK-55 (SSC-X-4) cruise missiles. Launch trials were conducted from a modified Victor III-class SSN and the first two Akula-class SSNs. The Victor III-class SSN was fitted with a pod containing two S-10 missiles forward of the sail. Also two Yankee-class SSBNs were converted to carry this missile in special launch tubes in place of the SLBMs. The Akula-class SSN was originally designed especially for the purpose of carrying the S-10, but the design was later revised to a conventional SSN. on SSNs, the S-10 is launched from standard 533 mm torpedo tubes. The missile cruises at an altitude of 40 to 200 meters and has a CEP of about 150 meters. It is equipped with the Sprut guidance system and the BSU-55 control system that performs terrain following flight and anti-intercept manoeuvring. Its turbofan engine was developed by MKB Soyuz.
SS-N-22 'Sunburn'
The SS-N-22 designation applies to two different missile types. The P-80 (3M82) missile with rocket propulsion was designed by NPO Mash and fitted to early Sovremenny-class destroyers beginning in 1981. The P-100 (3K55) is an encapsulated folding-wing version of P-80 for underwater launch from 650 mm torpedo tubes on SSNs. The development of the P-270, for which the above data is given, began in 1973 as a replacement for the P-15 (SS-N-2). The missile cruises at an altitude of about 20 meters, reducing to 7 meters during the terminal phase. It can sink ships of up to 20,000 tons displacement. The combustion chamber of the missile's ramjet engine, developed by MKB Soyuz, is filled by a solid-propellant rocket booster. After launch, the booster fires for four seconds, accelerating the missile to about Mach 1.8, after which it is pushed away by the airflow and the liquid-propellant ramjet takes over. Four (KT-190) or two (KT-152) launch canisters are usually grouped together at a fixed angle. The Moskit missile system was designed primarily for use against small NATO naval groups in the Baltic and Black Seas, and against amphibious groups. Two to four small missile vessels were to perform coordinated hit-and-run attacks.
SS-N-23 'Skiff'
First flight tests of the RSM-54 were conducted in 1983, and 16 missiles are now carried by the Delta IV-class SSBNs. An improved version with better accuracy was deployed in 1988, bringing the CEP down from 900 to 500 metres.
SS-NX-24 'Scorpion'
The development of the Meteorit-M was initiated in December 1976 alongside the Meteorit-A (AS-X-19) and Meteorit-N (SSC-X-5) advanced cruise missiles. The Yankee-class SSBN K-420 was rebuilt in 1979-1982 under the project Andromeda with 12 angled launch tubes amidships. Test launches began in December 1983, but the programme was cancelled in 1989 after severe development difficulties. The Meteorit-M was to be a long range supersonic high altitude land-attack cruise missile.
SS-N-25 'Switchblade'
In development since April 1984, trials of the Uran system began in 1987 from a modified Matka-class missile boat. The air-launched version has the US designation AS-20 and the coastal version SSC-X-6. The missile is built mainly of aluminium and has folding wings and tail fins. Its ARGS-35 active radar seeker has been developed by the Leninets company. The Uran cruises at an altitude of 5-10 meters, reducing to 3-5 meters during the terminal phase, and can sink ships of up to 5,000 tons displacement. It was designed primarily for use against small and fast vessels, such as missile boats. The missiles are usually carried in two KT-184 angled launchers each housing four missile tubes. The system has been exported to India and Vietnam.
SS-NX-26
The development of the P-800 ramjet-powered derivative of the P-80 missile began in 1983 as a fourth-generation replacement for the P-270. It is similar in configuration to the P-270, but has a nose air intake for the ramjet engine with a diffusor cone. The cone assembly houses the radar antenna, electronics, and warhead. The 4,000 kg thrust ramjet engine has an integral solid-propellant rocket booster that is discarded after use, a similar arrangement to that used on the P-270 missile. The missile has RAM coating and a radar warning receiver. The P-800 can either travel its entire flight path at low altitude, or it can first climb to an altitude of 14-15 kilometers for target acquisition and then dive in low for the terminal phase. During terminal phase the missile flies at an altitude of 5-15 metres. The missile is housed in a sealed launch container that is opened onl y for launch. Bolid is said to be the name of the version for underwater launch from 650 mm torpedo tubes on submarines. It will probably be installed in the new Lada/Amur-class SSKs. Launch trials of the Yakhont missile began in 1987 from a Nanuchka IV-class corvette (Nakat) and a Charlie II-class SSGN (K-452). The P-800 was designed from the very beginning for different types of launch platforms, and there are now the coastal Bastion and air-launched Kh-61 variants. The Yakhont forms the basis for the joint Russian-Indian Brahmos missile project.
SS-NX-27
The Klub is a family of ship- and submarine-launched missiles derived from the S-10 land-attack cruise missile (LACM). There is some confusion whether the SS-NX-27 designation applies to the 3M51 Alfa or the Klub missile. The 3M51 is an earlier air-launched design similar to the 3M54E. The ship-based system is designated Klub-N and it can be installed in vertical launch cells or angled missile containers, the submarine-based system being designated Klub-S. The 3M54E and 3M54E1 anti-ship missile variants cruise at an altitude of 10-15 meters, descenting to 3-5 meters at a distance of 30-40 kilometers from the target. At 20 kilometers from the target, the 3M54E detaches a Mach 2.9 final atack stage powered by a solid-propellant rocket. The anti-ship variants use the ARGS-54 active radar seeker with a range of about 60 kilometers developed by the Leninets company. The land-attack 3M14 missile has received the US designation SS-NX-30. Other members of the Klub family are the submarine-launched 91RE1 and the ship-launched 91RE2 torpedo-carrying ballistic anti-submarine missiles with ranges of 50 and 40 kilometers, respectively. The Klub system has been exported to India.
SS-NX-28
The R-39UTTKh was a development of the R-39 (SS-N-20) SLBM destined for the new Borey-class SSBNs now under construction. However, the missile encountered severe development difficulties, and was cancelled in July 1998 after four unsuccessful test flights.
SS-NX-29
The RPK-9 is similar to the US ASROC: a torpedo carrying missile for small surface ships. The basic variant of the system comprises two inclined quadruple launchers. After launch the missile travels to a point near the target and relases its homing torpedo with the help of a parachute.
SS-NX-30
The Klub is a family of ship- and submarine-launched missiles derived from the S-10 land-attack cruise missile (LACM). The ship-based system is designated Klub-N and it can be installed in vertical launch cells or angled missile containers, the submarine-based system being designated Klub-S. The 3M14E LACM has a barometric altimeter and a GLONASS receiver. The 3M54 and 3M54M1 anti-ship variants have the US designation SS-NX-27.
Missiles without USA/NATO designation:
Many missiles that never became operational did not receive USA/NATO designations.
| R-15/D-3 | An IRBM-range SLBM intended for Project 652 submarines. |
| D-7 | An IRBM-range SLBM to replace SS-N-5. Cancelled. |
| D-8 | An unsuccessful competitor to SS-N-8. |
| RSM-54M | An SLBM under development for Delta IV submarines. |
| P-10 Buran | An SS-N-3C competitor designed by Beriev. |
| P-20 Burya | An ultra-long range cruise missile designed by Ilyushin in 1960. |
| P-25 | An SS-N-2 competitor designed by Chelomey. Solid fuel, limited production in 1961-1962. |
| P-35 Bazalt | An early supersonic land-attack cruise missile. Cancelled. |
| P-40 | An anti-ship version of P-35 to arm converted Sverdlov-class cruisers. |
| P-170 | A hypersonic target drone with a naval missile 'P'-designation. |
| P-1000 Vulkan | A hypersonic heavy anti-ship missile to replace SS-N-12 and SS-N-19. |
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